Solvent physical properties: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; color: green;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; color: green;"
|Solvent|||Boiling Point C|||Solubility in water||Density||Molar mass||
!Solvent
!Boiling Point °C
!Solubility /w Water
!Density
!Molar mass
|-
|-
|Acetone|| 56 °C || Miscible || 0.786 g/ml||58.08 g/mol||
|Acetone || 56 °C || Miscible || 0.786 g/ml || 58.08 g/mol ||
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 19: Line 23:


===Water===
===Water===
[[File:Water.png]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; color: green;"
!Solvent
!Boiling Point °C
!Solubility /w Water
!Density
!Molar mass
|-
|Water || 100 °C || Miscible || 1.000 g/ml || 18.02 g/mol ||
|-
|}


===Carboxylic acids===
===Carboxylic acids===


====Formic acid====
====Formic acid====
[[File:Formicacid.png]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; color: green;"
!Solvent
!Boiling Point °C
!Solubility /w Water
!Density
!Molar mass
|-
|Formic acid || 100.8 °C || Miscible || 1.22 g/ml || 46.03 g/mol ||
|-
|}


====Acetic acid====
====Acetic acid====
[[File:Aceticacid.png]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; color: green;"
!Solvent
!Boiling Point °C
!Solubility /w Water
!Density
!Molar mass
|-
|Acetic acid || 118 °C || Miscible || 1.049 g/ml || 60.05 g/mol ||
|-
|}


===Alcohols===
===Alcohols===


====Ethanol====
====Ethanol====
[[File:Ethanol.png]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; color: green;"
!Solvent
!Boiling Point °C
!Solubility /w Water
!Density
!Molar mass
|-
|C2H5OH || 79 °C || Miscible || 0.789 g/ml || 46.07 g/mol ||
|-
|}
Azeotrope % weight /w water = 95.5%
Miscible in:


====Methanol====
====Methanol====
[[File:Methanol.png]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; color: green;"
!Solvent
!Boiling Point °C
!Solubility /w Water
!Density
!Molar mass
|-
|C2H5OH || 65 °C || Miscible || 0.791 g/ml || 32.04 g/mol ||
|-
|}
No azeotrope w/ water
Miscible in:


====Propanol====
====Propanol====
[[File:Propanol.png]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; color: green;"
!Solvent
!Boiling Point °C
!Solubility /w Water
!Density
!Molar mass
|-
|C2H5OH || 97 °C || Miscible || 0.803 g/ml || 60.1 g/mol ||
|-
|}
Azeotrope % weight /w water = 71.7%
Miscible in:


====Isopropanol====
====Isopropanol====
[[File:200px-2-Propanol.svg.png]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; color: green;"
!Solvent
!Boiling Point °C
!Solubility /w Water
!Density
!Molar mass
|-
|C3H7OH || 82.5 °C || Miscible || 0.786 g/ml || 60.1 g/mol ||
|-
|}
Azeotrope % weight /w water = 87.9%
Miscible in: non-polar solvents, haloforms, water


====Glycerol====
====Glycerol====
[[File:Glycerol.png]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; color: green;"
!Solvent
!Boiling Point °C
!Solubility /w Water
!Density
!Molar mass
|-
|C3H5(OH)3 || 290 °C || Miscible || 1.261 g/ml || 92.09 g/mol ||
|-
|}
Azeotrope % weight /w water =
Miscible in: water, alcohols


====Propylene Glycol====
====Propylene Glycol====


[[File:propyleneglycol.png]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; color: green;"
!Solvent
!Boiling Point °C
!Solubility /w Water
!Density
!Molar mass
|-
|C3H7OH || 188.2 °C || Miscible || 1.036 g/ml || 76.09 g/mol ||
|-
|}
Azeotrope % weight /w water =
Miscible in:


==Polar aprotic==
==Polar aprotic==


===Ketones===
===Ketones===
Short chain ketones are miscible in ALL organic solvents


====Acetone====
====Acetone====
[[File:Acetone.png]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; color: green;"
!Formula
!Boiling Point °C
!Solubility /w Water
!Density
!Molar mass
|-
|C3H6O || 56 °C || Miscible || 0.786 g/ml || 58.08 g/mol ||
|-
|}
Miscible in:
All organic solvents
-
Does not from an Azeotrope with water


====Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)====
====Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)====
[[File:MEK.png]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; color: green;"
!Formula
!Boiling Point °C
!Solubility /w Water
!Density
!Molar mass
|-
|C4H8O || 80 °C || Miscible 275. g/L || 0.805 g/ml || 72.11 g/mol ||
|-
|}
Miscible in:
All organic solvents


====Cyclohexanone====
====Cyclohexanone====
[[File:Cyclohexanone.png]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; color: green;"
!Formula
!Boiling Point °C
!Solubility /w Water
!Density
!Molar mass
|-
|C6H10O || 155.65 °C || Miscible 90 g/L || 0.9478 g/ml || 98.15 g/mol ||
|-
|}
Miscible in:
All organic solvents


===Esters===
===Esters===
Line 105: Line 295:


====Chloroform====
====Chloroform====
[[File:Chloroform.png]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; color: green;"
!Solvent
!Boiling Point °C
!Solubility /w Water
!Density
!Molar mass
|-
|C2H5OH || 61.2 °C || Immiscible || 1.483 g/ml || 199.38 g/mol ||
|-
|}
Azeotrope % weight /w water = 97.0%
Miscible in: non-polar solvents, alcohols


====Carbon Tetrachloride====
====Carbon Tetrachloride====


====Dichloromethane (DCM)====
====Dichloromethane (DCM)====
[[File:DCM.png]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; color: green;"
!Solvent
!Boiling Point °C
!Solubility /w Water
!Density
!Molar mass
|-
|C2H5OH || 39.6 °C || Immiscible || 1.33 g/ml || 84.93 g/mol ||
|-
|}
Azeotrope % weight /w water = 98.5%
Azeotrope % weight /w methanol = 7.3%
Azeotrope % weight /w diethyl ether = 30%
Miscible in: non-polar solvents, alcohols


===Other===
===Other===
Line 115: Line 341:




=Common Azeotropes=
(taken from wikipedia)




{|
{|
|Boiling Point C||Solubility in water||Density||Molar mass||
| align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2" | <big>'''Azeotropes of water, b.p.=100&nbsp;°C'''</big>
{| class="wikitable"
! 2nd Component !! b.p. of<br>comp. (˚C) !! b.p. of<br>mixture (˚C) !! % by<br>weight !! spef.<br>grav
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" | '''with various [[alcohol]]s'''
|-
| [[ethanol]] || 78.4 || 78.1 || 95.5
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 0.804
|- bgcolor="#CCFFFF"
| [[methanol]]<ref name="br"/> || 64.7
| colspan="3" align="center" | No azeotrope
|-
| [[Propan-1-ol|''n''-propanol]] || 97.2 || 87.7 || 71.7
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 0.866
|-
| [[Propan-2-ol|''iso''-propanol]] || 82.5 || 80.4 || 87.9
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 0.818
|-
| [[n-Butanol|''n''-butanol]] || 117.8 || 92.4 || 55.5<br>U 79.9<br>L 7.7
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | <br>U 0.849<br>L 0.990
|-
| [[2-Butanol|''sec''-butanol]] || 99.5 || 88.5 || 67.9
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 0.863
|-
| [[isobutanol|''iso''-butanol]] || 108.0 || 90.0 || 70.0<br>U 85.0<br>L 8.7
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | <br>U 0.839<br>L 0.988
|- bgcolor="#FFCCFF"
| [[Tert-Butanol|''tert''-butanol]] || 82.8 || 79.9 || 88.3 ||
|-
| [[allyl alcohol]] || 97.0 || 88.2 || 72.9
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 0.905
|-
| [[benzyl alcohol]] || 205.2 || 99.9 || 9 ||
|- bgcolor="#FFCCFF"
| [[furfuryl alcohol]] || 169.4 || 98.5 || 20 ||
|- bgcolor="#CCFFFF"
| [[cyclohexanol]]<ref name="metalfinishing"/> || 161.1 || 97.8 || 20 ||
|- bgcolor="#CCFFFF"
| [[benzyl alcohol]]<ref name="metalfinishing"/> || 205.4 || 99.9 || 9 ||
|-
|-
|
| colspan="5" align="center" | '''with various [[organic acid]]s'''
|-
|-
|}
| [[formic acid]] || 100.8 || 107.3 || 77.5 ||
|- bgcolor="#FFCCFF"
| [[acetic acid]] <sup>‡</sup><ref name="br">{{Cite web
| url = http://www.solvent--recycling.com/azeotrope_1.html
| title = What is an Azeotrope?
| accessdate = 24 March 2007


| author =
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| date =
| year =
| month =
| work =
| publisher = B/R Corporation
| pages =
| language =
| quote =
| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070424141816/http://www.solvent--recycling.com/azeotrope_1.html| archivedate= 24 April 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="hilmen">
{{Cite web
| url = http://www.chemeng.ntnu.no/thesis/download/2000/hilmen/Thesis_Hilmen.pdf
| title = Separation of Azeotropic Mixtures: Tools for Analysis and Studies on Batch Distillation Operation
| accessdate = 24 March 2007


{|
| author = Eva-Katrine Hilmen
|Solvent||Boiling Point C||Solubility in water||Density||Molar mass||
| last = Hilmen
| first = Eva-Katrine
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| date =
| year = 2000
| month = November
| format =
| work =
| publisher = Norwegian University of Science and Technology, dept. of Chemical Engineering
| pages =
| language =
| archiveurl =
| archivedate =
| quote =
}}</ref> || 118.1
| colspan="3" align="center" | No azeotrope
|-
| [[propionic acid]] || 141.1 || 99.98 || 17.7
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 1.016
|-
| [[butyric acid]] || 163.5 || 99.94 || 18.4
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 1.007
|- bgcolor="#FFCCFF"
| [[isobutyric acid|''iso''-butyric acid]] || 154.5 || 99.3 || 21 ||
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" | '''with [[mineral acid]]s'''
|-
| [[nitric acid]] || 86.0 || 120.5 || 68
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 1.405
|- bgcolor="#FFCCFF"
| [[perchloric acid]] || 110.0 || 203 || 71.6 ||
|-
| [[hydrofluoric acid]] || 19.9 || 120 || 37 ||
|-
| [[hydrochloric acid]] || –84 || 110 || 20.24
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 1.102
|-
| [[hydrobromic acid]] || –73 || 126 || 47.5
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 1.481
|-
| [[hydroiodic acid]] || –34 || 127 || 57
|- bgcolor="#FFCCFF"
| [[sulfuric acid]] || 290 || 338 || 98 ||
|-
|-
|Acetone||Pie||more
| colspan="5" align="center" | '''with various [[alkyl halide]]s'''
|- bgcolor="#FFCCFF"
| [[1,2-Dichloroethane|ethylene chloride]] || 83.7 || 72 || 91.8 ||
|- bgcolor="#FFCCFF"
| [[1,2-Dichloropropane|propylene chloride]] || 96.8 || 78 || 89.4 ||
|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
| [[chloroform]] || 61.2 || 53.3 || 97.0<br>U 0.8<br>L 99.8
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | <br>U 1.004<br>L 1.491
|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
| [[carbon tetrachloride]] || 76.8 || 66.8 || 95.9<br>U 0.03<br>L 99.97
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | <br>U 1.000<br>L 1.597
|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
| [[dichloromethane|methylene chloride]] || 40.0 || 38.8 || 99.6<br>U 2.0<br>99.9
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | <br>U 1.009<br>L 1.328
|-
|-
|Benzene||Ice||and
| colspan="5" align="center" | '''with various [[ester]]s'''
|-
|-
|Carbon Tetrachloride||
| [[ethyl acetate]] || 77.1 || 70.4 || 91.9<br>U 96.7<br>L 8.7
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | <br>U 0.907<br>L 0.999
|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
| [[methyl acetate]] || 57.0 || 56.1 || 95.0 || 0.940
|- bgcolor="CCFFFF"
| [[n-propyl acetate]]<ref name="metalfinishing">{{Cite web
| url = http://www.metalfinishing.com/_virtual/article-downloads/Table%201_a2648.pdf
| title = Binary Organic Azeotropes Useful for Solvent Cleaning
| accessdate = 13 February 2011
| author = John Durkee
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| date =
| year = 2000
| month = November
| format =
| work =
| publisher = metalfinishing.com
| pages =
| language =
| archiveurl =
| archivedate =
| quote =
}} </ref> || 101.6 || 82.4 || 86 ||
|- bgcolor="FFCCFF"
| [[ethyl nitrate]] || 87.7 || 74.4 || 78 ||
|-
|-
|Isopropanol
| colspan="5" align="center" | '''with various other [[solvent]]s'''
|- bgcolor="#CCFFFF"
| [[acetone]] <sup>‡</sup><ref name="br"/><ref name="hilmen"/> || 56.5&nbsp;°C
| colspan="3" align="center" | No azeotrope
|-
|-
|
| [[methyl ethyl ketone]] || 79.6 || 73.5 || 89
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 0.834
|-
|-
|
| [[pyridine]] || 115.5 || 92.6 || 57
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 1.010
|-
|-
|
| [[benzene]] || 80.2 || 69.3 || 91.1<br>U 99.94<br>L 0.07
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | <br>U 0.880<br>L 0.999
|-
|-
|
| [[toluene]] || 110.8 || 84.1 || 79.8<br>U 99.95<br>L 0.06
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | <br>U 0.868<br>L 1.000
|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
| [[cyclohexane]] || 80.7 || 69.8 || 91.5<br>U 99.99<br>L 0.01||<br>U 0.780<br>L 1.00
|-
|-
| [[diethyl ether]] || 34.5 || 34.2 || 98.7
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 0.720
|- bgcolor="#CCFFFF"
| [[tetrahydrofuran]]<ref name="br"/> || 66 || 65 || 95 ||
|- bgcolor="#FFCCFF"
| [[anisole]] || 153.9 || 95.5 || 59.5 ||
|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
| [[acetonitrile]] || 82.0 || 76.5 || 83.7
| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 0.818
|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
| [[chloral]] || 97.75 || 95.0 || 93.0 ||
|- bgcolor="#CCFFFF"
| [[hydrazine]]<ref name="merck4653">''Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs, 9th ed.'' monograph 4653</ref> || 113.5&nbsp;°C || 120.3&nbsp;°C || 68.5 ||
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 23:38, 8 February 2013

page in progress....


Solvents

Solvent Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
Acetone 56 °C Miscible 0.786 g/ml 58.08 g/mol


Note about Density: If the density of the solvent is greater then one (mass > 1.00) the solvent, if non-polar will sink below water. likewise if the density is less then one (mass < 1.00) the solvent, if non-polar, will float on the surface of the water


Polar protic

Water

Solvent Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
Water 100 °C Miscible 1.000 g/ml 18.02 g/mol

Carboxylic acids

Formic acid

Solvent Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
Formic acid 100.8 °C Miscible 1.22 g/ml 46.03 g/mol

Acetic acid

Solvent Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
Acetic acid 118 °C Miscible 1.049 g/ml 60.05 g/mol

Alcohols

Ethanol

Solvent Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
C2H5OH 79 °C Miscible 0.789 g/ml 46.07 g/mol

Azeotrope % weight /w water = 95.5%

Miscible in:

Methanol

Solvent Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
C2H5OH 65 °C Miscible 0.791 g/ml 32.04 g/mol


No azeotrope w/ water

Miscible in:

Propanol

Solvent Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
C2H5OH 97 °C Miscible 0.803 g/ml 60.1 g/mol

Azeotrope % weight /w water = 71.7%

Miscible in:

Isopropanol

Solvent Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
C3H7OH 82.5 °C Miscible 0.786 g/ml 60.1 g/mol

Azeotrope % weight /w water = 87.9%

Miscible in: non-polar solvents, haloforms, water

Glycerol

Solvent Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
C3H5(OH)3 290 °C Miscible 1.261 g/ml 92.09 g/mol

Azeotrope % weight /w water =

Miscible in: water, alcohols

Propylene Glycol

Solvent Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
C3H7OH 188.2 °C Miscible 1.036 g/ml 76.09 g/mol

Azeotrope % weight /w water =

Miscible in:

Polar aprotic

Ketones

Short chain ketones are miscible in ALL organic solvents


Acetone

Formula Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
C3H6O 56 °C Miscible 0.786 g/ml 58.08 g/mol

Miscible in:

All organic solvents

- Does not from an Azeotrope with water

Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)

Formula Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
C4H8O 80 °C Miscible 275. g/L 0.805 g/ml 72.11 g/mol

Miscible in:

All organic solvents

Cyclohexanone

Formula Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
C6H10O 155.65 °C Miscible 90 g/L 0.9478 g/ml 98.15 g/mol

Miscible in:

All organic solvents

Esters

Ethyl acetate

Ethers

Tetrahydrofuran

Others

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)

Acetonitrile

Dimethylformamide

Non-polar

Aliphatic

Butane

Pentane

Hexane

Heptane

Octane

Cyclic

Cyclohexane

Cyclopentane

Aromatic

Benzene

Toluene

Xylene

Ethers

Diethyl ether

Chlorinated hydrocarbons (only slighlty polar)

Chloroform

Solvent Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
C2H5OH 61.2 °C Immiscible 1.483 g/ml 199.38 g/mol

Azeotrope % weight /w water = 97.0%

Miscible in: non-polar solvents, alcohols

Carbon Tetrachloride

Dichloromethane (DCM)

Solvent Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
C2H5OH 39.6 °C Immiscible 1.33 g/ml 84.93 g/mol

Azeotrope % weight /w water = 98.5%

Azeotrope % weight /w methanol = 7.3%

Azeotrope % weight /w diethyl ether = 30%

Miscible in: non-polar solvents, alcohols

Other

d-limonene

Common Azeotropes

(taken from wikipedia)


Azeotropes of water, b.p.=100 °C
2nd Component b.p. of
comp. (˚C)		 b.p. of
mixture (˚C)		 % by
weight		 spef.
grav
with various alcohols
ethanol 78.4 78.1 95.5 0.804
methanol[1] 64.7 No azeotrope
n-propanol 97.2 87.7 71.7 0.866
iso-propanol 82.5 80.4 87.9 0.818
n-butanol 117.8 92.4 55.5
U 79.9
L 7.7
U 0.849
L 0.990
sec-butanol 99.5 88.5 67.9 0.863
iso-butanol 108.0 90.0 70.0
U 85.0
L 8.7
U 0.839
L 0.988
tert-butanol 82.8 79.9 88.3
allyl alcohol 97.0 88.2 72.9 0.905
benzyl alcohol 205.2 99.9 9
furfuryl alcohol 169.4 98.5 20
cyclohexanol[2] 161.1 97.8 20
benzyl alcohol[2] 205.4 99.9 9
with various organic acids
formic acid 100.8 107.3 77.5
acetic acid ‡[1][3] 118.1 No azeotrope
propionic acid 141.1 99.98 17.7 1.016
butyric acid 163.5 99.94 18.4 1.007
iso-butyric acid 154.5 99.3 21
with mineral acids
nitric acid 86.0 120.5 68 1.405
perchloric acid 110.0 203 71.6
hydrofluoric acid 19.9 120 37
hydrochloric acid –84 110 20.24 1.102
hydrobromic acid –73 126 47.5 1.481
hydroiodic acid –34 127 57
sulfuric acid 290 338 98
with various alkyl halides
ethylene chloride 83.7 72 91.8
propylene chloride 96.8 78 89.4
chloroform 61.2 53.3 97.0
U 0.8
L 99.8
U 1.004
L 1.491
carbon tetrachloride 76.8 66.8 95.9
U 0.03
L 99.97
U 1.000
L 1.597
methylene chloride 40.0 38.8 99.6
U 2.0
99.9
U 1.009
L 1.328
with various esters
ethyl acetate 77.1 70.4 91.9
U 96.7
L 8.7
U 0.907
L 0.999
methyl acetate 57.0 56.1 95.0 0.940
n-propyl acetate[2] 101.6 82.4 86
ethyl nitrate 87.7 74.4 78
with various other solvents
acetone ‡[1][3] 56.5 °C No azeotrope
methyl ethyl ketone 79.6 73.5 89 0.834
pyridine 115.5 92.6 57 1.010
benzene 80.2 69.3 91.1
U 99.94
L 0.07
U 0.880
L 0.999
toluene 110.8 84.1 79.8
U 99.95
L 0.06
U 0.868
L 1.000
cyclohexane 80.7 69.8 91.5
U 99.99
L 0.01
U 0.780
L 1.00
diethyl ether 34.5 34.2 98.7 0.720
tetrahydrofuran[1] 66 65 95
anisole 153.9 95.5 59.5
acetonitrile 82.0 76.5 83.7 0.818
chloral 97.75 95.0 93.0
hydrazine[4] 113.5 °C 120.3 °C 68.5
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Template:Cite web
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Template:Cite web
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Template:Cite web
  4. ↑ Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs, 9th ed. monograph 4653
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