Drying Solvents - Revision history

Zakara at 03:19, 25 June 2012

2012-06-25T03:19:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:19, 25 June 2012
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	5. '''[[Solvents]] like''' ''[[acetonitrile]], [[dimethylsulfoxide]] (DMSO) and [[acetone]]'' can be dried with CaH2 and then distilled under inert gas. [[Acetonitrile]] and [[acetone]] can be dried over P4O10 to remove trace amounts of water. In the presence of larger amounts of water, these compounds form condensation products and have to be pre-dried with [[Calcium hydride]]. Other procedures involve the use of anhydrous [[magnesium sulfate]] (dimethyl formamide, DMF). The purified solvents should be stored under an inert atmosphere over molecular sieve.		5. '''Solvents like''' ''[[acetonitrile]], [[dimethylsulfoxide]] (DMSO) and [[acetone]]'' can be dried with CaH2 and then distilled under inert gas. [[Acetonitrile]] and [[acetone]] can be dried over P4O10 to remove trace amounts of water. In the presence of larger amounts of water, these compounds form condensation products and have to be pre-dried with [[Calcium hydride]]. Other procedures involve the use of anhydrous [[magnesium sulfate]] (dimethyl formamide, DMF). The purified solvents should be stored under an inert atmosphere over molecular sieve.

	[[Category:Laboratory Techniques]]		[[Category:Laboratory Techniques]]
	[[Category:solvent]]		[[Category:solvent]]

Zakara at 03:17, 25 June 2012

2012-06-25T03:17:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:17, 25 June 2012
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	3. '''[[Halogenated solvents]]''' ''([[~~CH2Cl2~~]], [[~~CHCl3~~]], [[~~CCl4~~]], [[~~C2Cl4~~]], [[~~C2Cl6~~]])'' can be dried over CaH2 or P4O10 after pretreatment with [[sulfuric acid]]. '''Never attempt to dry halogenated solvents with alkali metals or alkali metal hydrides!''' This will cause violent explosions due to a radical reaction! Whenever possible, these solvents should be replaced with non-halogenated solvents. The combustion of chlorinated solvents generates a high amount of dioxines.		3. '''[[Halogenated solvents]]''' ''([[Dichloromethane]], [[Chloroform]], [[Carbon tetrachloride]], [[Tetrachloroethylene]], [[Hexachloroethane]])'' can be dried over CaH2 or P4O10 after pretreatment with [[sulfuric acid]]. '''Never attempt to dry halogenated solvents with alkali metals or alkali metal hydrides!''' This will cause violent explosions due to a radical reaction! Whenever possible, these solvents should be replaced with non-halogenated solvents. The combustion of chlorinated solvents generates a high amount of dioxines.

Zakara at 03:08, 25 June 2012

2012-06-25T03:08:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:08, 25 June 2012
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	4. '''[[Alcohols]]'''can also be dried with ''CaH2''. There are several special procedures for various alcohols e.g. ''[[ethanol]]'' can be dried with ''sodium metal/phthalic acid diethyl ester.''		4. '''[[Alcohols]]''' can also be dried with ''CaH2''. There are several special procedures for various alcohols e.g. ''[[ethanol]]'' can be dried with ''sodium metal/phthalic acid diethyl ester.''

Zakara at 00:50, 25 June 2012

2012-06-25T00:50:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:50, 25 June 2012
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	5. '''[[Solvents]] like''' ''[[acetonitrile]], [[dimethylsulfoxide]] (DMSO) and [[acetone]]'' can be dried with CaH2 and then distilled under inert gas. [[Acetonitrile]] and [[acetone]] can be dried over P4O10 to remove trace amounts of water. In the presence of larger amounts of water, these compounds form condensation products and have to be pre-dried with [[Calcium hydride]]. Other procedures involve the use of anhydrous [[magnesium sulfate]] (dimethyl formamide, DMF). The purified solvents should be stored under an inert atmosphere over molecular sieve.		5. '''[[Solvents]] like''' ''[[acetonitrile]], [[dimethylsulfoxide]] (DMSO) and [[acetone]]'' can be dried with CaH2 and then distilled under inert gas. [[Acetonitrile]] and [[acetone]] can be dried over P4O10 to remove trace amounts of water. In the presence of larger amounts of water, these compounds form condensation products and have to be pre-dried with [[Calcium hydride]]. Other procedures involve the use of anhydrous [[magnesium sulfate]] (dimethyl formamide, DMF). The purified solvents should be stored under an inert atmosphere over molecular sieve.

	[[Category:~~laboratory techniques~~]]		[[Category:Laboratory Techniques]]
	[[Category:solvent]]		[[Category:solvent]]

Zakara at 00:41, 25 June 2012

2012-06-25T00:41:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:41, 25 June 2012
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	5. '''[[Solvents]] like''' ''[[acetonitrile]], [[dimethylsulfoxide]] (DMSO) and [[acetone]]'' can be dried with CaH2 and then distilled under inert gas. [[Acetonitrile]] and [[acetone]] can be dried over P4O10 to remove trace amounts of water. In the presence of larger amounts of water, these compounds form condensation products and have to be pre-dried with [[Calcium hydride]]. Other procedures involve the use of anhydrous [[magnesium sulfate]] (dimethyl formamide, DMF). The purified solvents should be stored under an inert atmosphere over molecular sieve.		5. '''[[Solvents]] like''' ''[[acetonitrile]], [[dimethylsulfoxide]] (DMSO) and [[acetone]]'' can be dried with CaH2 and then distilled under inert gas. [[Acetonitrile]] and [[acetone]] can be dried over P4O10 to remove trace amounts of water. In the presence of larger amounts of water, these compounds form condensation products and have to be pre-dried with [[Calcium hydride]]. Other procedures involve the use of anhydrous [[magnesium sulfate]] (dimethyl formamide, DMF). The purified solvents should be stored under an inert atmosphere over molecular sieve.

	[[Category:~~Drying Solvents~~]]		[[Category:laboratory techniques]]
			[[Category:solvent]]

Zakara at 23:32, 24 June 2012

2012-06-24T23:32:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:32, 24 June 2012
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	5. '''[[Solvents]] like''' ''[[acetonitrile]], [[dimethylsulfoxide]] (DMSO) and [[acetone]]'' can be dried with CaH2 and then distilled under inert gas. [[Acetonitrile]] and [[acetone]] can be dried over P4O10 to remove trace amounts of water. In the presence of larger amounts of water, these compounds form condensation products and have to be pre-dried with [[Calcium hydride]]. Other procedures involve the use of anhydrous [[magnesium sulfate]] (dimethyl formamide, DMF). The purified solvents should be stored under an inert atmosphere over molecular sieve.		5. '''[[Solvents]] like''' ''[[acetonitrile]], [[dimethylsulfoxide]] (DMSO) and [[acetone]]'' can be dried with CaH2 and then distilled under inert gas. [[Acetonitrile]] and [[acetone]] can be dried over P4O10 to remove trace amounts of water. In the presence of larger amounts of water, these compounds form condensation products and have to be pre-dried with [[Calcium hydride]]. Other procedures involve the use of anhydrous [[magnesium sulfate]] (dimethyl formamide, DMF). The purified solvents should be stored under an inert atmosphere over molecular sieve.

			[[Category:Drying Solvents]]

∞: /* Common solvents with respective drying agents */

2012-06-24T22:53:53Z

Common solvents with respective drying agents

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:53, 24 June 2012
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	2. '''[[Hydrocarbons]]''' like ''[[pentane]]'', ''[[hexane]]'', ''[[cyclohexane]]'', ''[[benzene]]'', ''[[toluene]]'' are another important class of solvents. These solvents are generally not as hygroscopic as ethers, but often contain unsaturated compounds that have to be removed by washing the solvent with concentrated [[sulfuric acid]]. After removing the acid, they can be ~~died~~ over CaH2 or sodium metal, depending on the quality needed. For most purposes, several hours of reflux, follow by a distillation under inert gas is sufficient. If possible, the use of benzene should be avoided due to its carcinogenic effect.		2. '''[[Hydrocarbons]]''' like ''[[pentane]]'', ''[[hexane]]'', ''[[cyclohexane]]'', ''[[benzene]]'', ''[[toluene]]'' are another important class of solvents. These solvents are generally not as hygroscopic as ethers, but often contain unsaturated compounds that have to be removed by washing the solvent with concentrated [[sulfuric acid]]. After removing the acid, they can be dried over CaH2 or sodium metal, depending on the quality needed. For most purposes, several hours of reflux, follow by a distillation under inert gas is sufficient. If possible, the use of benzene should be avoided due to its carcinogenic effect.

Zakara: /* Common solvents with respective drying agents */

2012-06-24T22:35:42Z

Common solvents with respective drying agents

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:35, 24 June 2012
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	====='''Common solvents with respective drying agents'''=====		====='''Common solvents with respective drying agents'''=====
	1. '''Ethers''' like ''[[tetrahydrofuran]]'', ''[[ethyl ether]]'' or ''[[dimethoxyethane]]'' are frequently used as solvents. They tend to form peroxides, especially when improperly stored (open bottles and in light). These compounds have a higher boiling point than the ethers themselves and are extremely explosive. If you are in doubt about the quality of the ether that you are about to use, test the solvent with a slightly acidic, aqueous solution of [[potassium iodide]]. If the organic phase turns yellow or brown, the ether contains significant amount of peroxides that must be removed first. [[Tetrahydrofuran]] is much more hygroscopic than the other ethers and should be pre-dried with potassium hydroxide.		1. '''[[Ethers]]''' like ''[[tetrahydrofuran]]'', ''[[ethyl ether]]'' or ''[[dimethoxyethane]]'' are frequently used as solvents. They tend to form peroxides, especially when improperly stored (open bottles and in light). These compounds have a higher boiling point than the ethers themselves and are extremely explosive. If you are in doubt about the quality of the ether that you are about to use, test the solvent with a slightly acidic, aqueous solution of [[potassium iodide]]. If the organic phase turns yellow or brown, the ether contains significant amount of peroxides that must be removed first. [[Tetrahydrofuran]] is much more hygroscopic than the other ethers and should be pre-dried with [[potassium hydroxide]].


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	3. '''Halogenated solvents''' ''(CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CCl4, C2Cl4, C2Cl6)'' can be dried over CaH2 or P4O10 after pretreatment with sulfuric acid. '''Never attempt to dry halogenated solvents with alkali metals or alkali metal hydrides!''' This will cause violent explosions due to a radical reaction! Whenever possible, these solvents should be replaced with non-halogenated solvents. The combustion of chlorinated solvents generates a high amount of dioxines.		3. '''[[Halogenated solvents]]''' ''([[CH2Cl2]], [[CHCl3]], [[CCl4]], [[C2Cl4]], [[C2Cl6]])'' can be dried over CaH2 or P4O10 after pretreatment with [[sulfuric acid]]. '''Never attempt to dry halogenated solvents with alkali metals or alkali metal hydrides!''' This will cause violent explosions due to a radical reaction! Whenever possible, these solvents should be replaced with non-halogenated solvents. The combustion of chlorinated solvents generates a high amount of dioxines.


	4. '''Alcohols'''can also be dried with ''CaH2''. There are several special procedures for various alcohols e.g. ''[[ethanol]]'' can be dried with ''sodium metal/phthalic acid diethyl ester.''		4. '''[[Alcohols]]'''can also be dried with ''CaH2''. There are several special procedures for various alcohols e.g. ''[[ethanol]]'' can be dried with ''sodium metal/phthalic acid diethyl ester.''


	5. '''Solvents like''' ''[[acetonitrile]], [[dimethylsulfoxide]] (DMSO) and [[acetone]]'' can be dried with CaH2 and then distilled under inert gas. [[Acetonitrile]] and [[acetone]] can be dried over P4O10 to remove trace amounts of water. In the presence of larger amounts of water, these compounds form condensation products and have to be pre-dried with [[Calcium hydride]]. Other procedures involve the use of anhydrous [[magnesium sulfate]] (dimethyl formamide, DMF). The purified solvents should be stored under an inert atmosphere over molecular sieve.		5. '''[[Solvents]] like''' ''[[acetonitrile]], [[dimethylsulfoxide]] (DMSO) and [[acetone]]'' can be dried with CaH2 and then distilled under inert gas. [[Acetonitrile]] and [[acetone]] can be dried over P4O10 to remove trace amounts of water. In the presence of larger amounts of water, these compounds form condensation products and have to be pre-dried with [[Calcium hydride]]. Other procedures involve the use of anhydrous [[magnesium sulfate]] (dimethyl formamide, DMF). The purified solvents should be stored under an inert atmosphere over molecular sieve.

Zakara: /* Removing water from solvents */

2012-06-24T22:34:17Z

Removing water from solvents

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:34, 24 June 2012
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	As a general term, a substance is said to be anhydrous if it contains no water. The way of achieving the anhydrous form differs from one substance to another. That is to say, anhydrous matter is prepared or used as a form with no water, and specifically the form of a chemical without water of crystallization. Organic liquids are considered to be wet if they contain water,but the organic liquid will still be a liquid after it is dried.		As a general term, a substance is said to be anhydrous if it contains no water. The way of achieving the anhydrous form differs from one substance to another. That is to say, anhydrous matter is prepared or used as a form with no water, and specifically the form of a chemical without water of crystallization. Organic liquids are considered to be wet if they contain water,but the organic liquid will still be a liquid after it is dried.

	The most common drying agents in the laboratory section will be anhydrous salts of sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, etc. They will be sufficient for most purposes because the compounds that you are handling are not extremely moisture sensitive. However, if you use a solvent like absolute ethanol, make sure that you close the bottle that you took it from right away. A lot of the polar solvents are very hygroscopic (=absorb water from the air).		The most common drying agents in the laboratory section will be anhydrous salts of [[sodium sulfate]], [[magnesium sulfate]], [[calcium chloride]], etc. They will be sufficient for most purposes because the compounds that you are handling are not extremely moisture sensitive. However, if you use a solvent like absolute [[ethanol]], make sure that you close the bottle that you took it from right away. A lot of the polar solvents are very hygroscopic (=absorb water from the air).


	====='''Common solvents with respective drying agents'''=====		====='''Common solvents with respective drying agents'''=====
	1. '''Ethers''' like ''tetrahydrofuran'', ''~~diethylether~~'' or ''dimethoxyethane'' are frequently used as solvents. They tend to form peroxides, especially when improperly stored (open bottles and in light). These compounds have a higher boiling point than the ethers themselves and are extremely explosive. If you are in doubt about the quality of the ether that you are about to use, test the solvent with a slightly acidic, aqueous solution of potassium iodide. If the organic phase turns yellow or brown, the ether contains significant amount of peroxides that must be removed first. Tetrahydrofuran is much more hygroscopic than the other ethers and should be pre-dried with potassium hydroxide.		1. '''Ethers''' like ''[[tetrahydrofuran]]'', ''[[ethyl ether]]'' or ''[[dimethoxyethane]]'' are frequently used as solvents. They tend to form peroxides, especially when improperly stored (open bottles and in light). These compounds have a higher boiling point than the ethers themselves and are extremely explosive. If you are in doubt about the quality of the ether that you are about to use, test the solvent with a slightly acidic, aqueous solution of [[potassium iodide]]. If the organic phase turns yellow or brown, the ether contains significant amount of peroxides that must be removed first. [[Tetrahydrofuran]] is much more hygroscopic than the other ethers and should be pre-dried with potassium hydroxide.


	The actual drying is done with a mixture of sodium metal and benzophenone. If the ether is dry and air-free, the solution turns dark blue due to the appearance of the ketyl radical. The radical reacts with water, alcohols and oxygen. Alternatively, LiAlH4 or NaH are used for ethers. In the past, a mixture or potassium and sodium metal was used (K/Na, Na/K), but it can cause explosions because it is extremely reactive and a liquid at room temperature.		The actual drying is done with a mixture of sodium metal and [[benzophenone]]. If the ether is dry and air-free, the solution turns dark blue due to the appearance of the ketyl radical. The radical reacts with water, alcohols and oxygen. Alternatively, LiAlH4 or NaH are used for ethers. In the past, a mixture or potassium and sodium metal was used (K/Na, Na/K), but it can cause explosions because it is extremely reactive and a liquid at room temperature.


	2. '''Hydrocarbons''' like ''pentane'', ''hexane'', ''cyclohexane'', ''benzene'', ''toluene'' are another important class of solvents. These solvents are generally not as hygroscopic as ethers, but often contain unsaturated compounds that have to be removed by washing the solvent with concentrated sulfuric acid. After removing the acid, they can be died over CaH2 or sodium metal, depending on the quality needed. For most purposes, several hours of reflux, follow by a distillation under inert gas is sufficient. If possible, the use of benzene should be avoided due to its carcinogenic effect.		2. '''[[Hydrocarbons]]''' like ''[[pentane]]'', ''[[hexane]]'', ''[[cyclohexane]]'', ''[[benzene]]'', ''[[toluene]]'' are another important class of solvents. These solvents are generally not as hygroscopic as ethers, but often contain unsaturated compounds that have to be removed by washing the solvent with concentrated [[sulfuric acid]]. After removing the acid, they can be died over CaH2 or sodium metal, depending on the quality needed. For most purposes, several hours of reflux, follow by a distillation under inert gas is sufficient. If possible, the use of benzene should be avoided due to its carcinogenic effect.


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	4. '''Alcohols'''can also be dried with ''CaH2''. There are several special procedures for various alcohols e.g. ''ethanol'' can be dried with ''sodium metal/phthalic acid diethyl ester.''		4. '''Alcohols'''can also be dried with ''CaH2''. There are several special procedures for various alcohols e.g. ''[[ethanol]]'' can be dried with ''sodium metal/phthalic acid diethyl ester.''


	5. '''Solvents like''' ''acetonitrile, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and acetone'' can be dried with CaH2 and then distilled under inert gas. Acetonitrile and acetone can be dried over P4O10 to remove trace amounts of water. In the presence of larger amounts of water, these compounds form condensation products and have to be pre-dried with Calcium hydride. Other procedures involve the use of anhydrous magnesium sulfate (dimethyl formamide, DMF). The purified solvents should be stored under an inert atmosphere over molecular sieve.		5. '''Solvents like''' ''[[acetonitrile]], [[dimethylsulfoxide]] (DMSO) and [[acetone]]'' can be dried with CaH2 and then distilled under inert gas. [[Acetonitrile]] and [[acetone]] can be dried over P4O10 to remove trace amounts of water. In the presence of larger amounts of water, these compounds form condensation products and have to be pre-dried with [[Calcium hydride]]. Other procedures involve the use of anhydrous [[magnesium sulfate]] (dimethyl formamide, DMF). The purified solvents should be stored under an inert atmosphere over molecular sieve.

Zakara: /* Common solvents with respective drying agents */

2012-06-24T22:29:53Z

Common solvents with respective drying agents

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:29, 24 June 2012
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	====='''Common solvents with respective drying agents'''=====		====='''Common solvents with respective drying agents'''=====
	1. '''Ethers''' like ''tetrahydrofuran'', ''diethylether'' or ''dimethoxyethane'' are frequently used as solvents. They tend to form peroxides, especially when improperly stored (open bottles and in light). These compounds have a higher boiling point than the ethers themselves and are extremely explosive. If you are in doubt about the quality of the ether that you are about to use, test the solvent with a slightly acidic, aqueous solution of potassium iodide. If the organic phase turns yellow or brown, the ether contains significant amount of peroxides that must be removed first. Tetrahydrofuran is much more hygroscopic than the other ethers and should be pre-dried with potassium hydroxide. The actual drying is done with a mixture of sodium metal and benzophenone. If the ether is dry and air-free, the solution turns dark blue due to the appearance of the ketyl radical. The radical reacts with water, alcohols and oxygen. Alternatively, LiAlH4 or NaH are used for ethers. In the past, a mixture or potassium and sodium metal was used (K/Na, Na/K), but it can cause explosions because it is extremely reactive and a liquid at room temperature.		1. '''Ethers''' like ''tetrahydrofuran'', ''diethylether'' or ''dimethoxyethane'' are frequently used as solvents. They tend to form peroxides, especially when improperly stored (open bottles and in light). These compounds have a higher boiling point than the ethers themselves and are extremely explosive. If you are in doubt about the quality of the ether that you are about to use, test the solvent with a slightly acidic, aqueous solution of potassium iodide. If the organic phase turns yellow or brown, the ether contains significant amount of peroxides that must be removed first. Tetrahydrofuran is much more hygroscopic than the other ethers and should be pre-dried with potassium hydroxide.


			The actual drying is done with a mixture of sodium metal and benzophenone. If the ether is dry and air-free, the solution turns dark blue due to the appearance of the ketyl radical. The radical reacts with water, alcohols and oxygen. Alternatively, LiAlH4 or NaH are used for ethers. In the past, a mixture or potassium and sodium metal was used (K/Na, Na/K), but it can cause explosions because it is extremely reactive and a liquid at room temperature.


	2. '''Hydrocarbons''' like ''pentane'', ''hexane'', ''cyclohexane'', ''benzene'', ''toluene'' are another important class of solvents. These solvents are generally not as hygroscopic as ethers, but often contain unsaturated compounds that have to be removed by washing the solvent with concentrated sulfuric acid. After removing the acid, they can be died over CaH2 or sodium metal, depending on the quality needed. For most purposes, several hours of reflux, follow by a distillation under inert gas is sufficient. If possible, the use of benzene should be avoided due to its carcinogenic effect.		2. '''Hydrocarbons''' like ''pentane'', ''hexane'', ''cyclohexane'', ''benzene'', ''toluene'' are another important class of solvents. These solvents are generally not as hygroscopic as ethers, but often contain unsaturated compounds that have to be removed by washing the solvent with concentrated sulfuric acid. After removing the acid, they can be died over CaH2 or sodium metal, depending on the quality needed. For most purposes, several hours of reflux, follow by a distillation under inert gas is sufficient. If possible, the use of benzene should be avoided due to its carcinogenic effect.


	3. '''Halogenated solvents''' ''(CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CCl4, C2Cl4, C2Cl6)'' can be dried over CaH2 or P4O10 after pretreatment with sulfuric acid. '''Never attempt to dry halogenated solvents with alkali metals or alkali metal hydrides!''' This will cause violent explosions due to a radical reaction! Whenever possible, these solvents should be replaced with non-halogenated solvents. The combustion of chlorinated solvents generates a high amount of dioxines.		3. '''Halogenated solvents''' ''(CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CCl4, C2Cl4, C2Cl6)'' can be dried over CaH2 or P4O10 after pretreatment with sulfuric acid. '''Never attempt to dry halogenated solvents with alkali metals or alkali metal hydrides!''' This will cause violent explosions due to a radical reaction! Whenever possible, these solvents should be replaced with non-halogenated solvents. The combustion of chlorinated solvents generates a high amount of dioxines.

	~~4. '''Alcohols' ''can also be dried with ''CaH2''. There are several special procedures for various alcohols e.g. ''ethanol'' can be dried with ''sodium metal/phthalic acid diethyl ester.''~~

	5. '''Solvents like''' a''~~cetonitrile~~, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and acetone'' can be dried with CaH2 and then distilled under inert gas. Acetonitrile and acetone can be dried over P4O10 to remove trace amounts of water. In the presence of larger amounts of water, these compounds form condensation products and have to be pre-dried with Calcium hydride. Other procedures involve the use of anhydrous magnesium sulfate (dimethyl formamide, DMF). The purified solvents should be stored under an inert atmosphere over molecular sieve.		4. '''Alcohols'''can also be dried with ''CaH2''. There are several special procedures for various alcohols e.g. ''ethanol'' can be dried with ''sodium metal/phthalic acid diethyl ester.''


			5. '''Solvents like''' ''acetonitrile, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and acetone'' can be dried with CaH2 and then distilled under inert gas. Acetonitrile and acetone can be dried over P4O10 to remove trace amounts of water. In the presence of larger amounts of water, these compounds form condensation products and have to be pre-dried with Calcium hydride. Other procedures involve the use of anhydrous magnesium sulfate (dimethyl formamide, DMF). The purified solvents should be stored under an inert atmosphere over molecular sieve.